Cistitis hemorrágica por infección viral en receptores de trasplante hematopoyético haploidéntico: reporte de dos casos / Hemorrhagic cystitis due to viral infection in patients who received hematopoietic haploidentical transplantation: two case reports

Introducción: Las infecciones por virus o la reactivación de virus en estado latente son frecuentes durante el estado de inmunosupresión que sigue al trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos, y constituyen una causa importante de complicaciones, como la cistitis hemorrágica, que se caracteriza por disuria, polaquiuria, dolor abdominal y hematuria. La aparición precoz se asocia a la administración de citostáticos como la ciclofosfamida, y el comienzo tardío a la primoinfección o reactivación de virus como citomegalovirus, los adenovirus o los poliomavirus como el BK y el JC. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, la evolución y el manejo de la cistitis hemorrágica postrasplante. Casos clínicos: Se presentan dos pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda que desarrollaron cistitis hemorrágica asociada a infección viral por virus BK y citomegalovirus después del trasplante haploidéntico con ciclofosfamida postrasplante. La cistitis hemorrágica de causa viral después del trasplante hematopoyético en estos pacientes estuvo asociada a una severa inmunosupresión, por lo que constituyó una complicación potencialmente letal. Los dos pacientes presentaron cistitis hemorrágica grado IV y fallecieron a pesar del tratamiento. Conclusiones: El trasplante haploidéntico con la administración de ciclofosfamida postrasplante incrementa la posibilidad de donantes de progenitores hematopoyéticos para los pacientes sin un hermano HLA idéntico pero el mayor nivel de inmunosupresión podría aumentar la incidencia de cistitis hemorrágica de causa viral(AU)

Introduction: Viral infections or latent-virus reactivation are frequent during the immunosuppressed cincition that follows hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, and an important cause of complications, such as hemorrhagic cystitis, characterized by dysuria, urinary frequency, abdominal pain, and hematuria. The early appearance is associated with the administration of cytostatic drugs such as cyclophosphamide, and the late onset is associated with primary infection or reactivation of viruses such as cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses, or polyomaviruses such as BK and JC. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, evolution and management of post-transplant hemorrhagic cystitis. Clinical cases: The cases are presented of two patients with acute myeloid leukemia who developed hemorrhagic cystitis associated with viral infection by BK virus and cytomegalovirus after haploidentical transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide. Viral hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic transplantation in these patients was associated with severe immunosuppression, making it a potentially lethal complication. Both patients presented grade IV hemorrhagic cystitis and died despite treatment. Conclusions: Haploidentical transplantation with the of post-transplant cyclophosphamide administration increases the possibility for donors of hematopoietic progenitor cells to patients without an identical HLA match, but the higher level of immunosuppression could increase the incidence of viral hemorrhagic cystitis(AU)

Cistitis hemorrágica por Enterococo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Enterococcus hemorrhagic cystitis: a case report and literature review

La hematuria macroscópica es un síntoma y signo clínico más que una enfermedad por sí misma, dado que detrás de ésta siempre habrá una enfermedad responsable. La hematuria macroscópica, a diferencia de la microscópica, siempre obliga al médico a estudiarla exhaustivamente puesto que múltiples enfermedades pueden ser la posible etiología y, a su vez, pudiera generarse gran morbilidad para el paciente en caso de no ser rápidamente identificadas y tratadas. La historia clínica y el examen físico del paciente son el pilar fundamental para guiar el enfoque paraclínico inicial de los pacientes. Este último debe ser iniciado con el uroanálisis y según su resultado, se deben continuar los estudios necesarios para corroborar o confirmar las sospechas diagnósticas generadas en el interrogatorio y el examen clínico inicial. Se presenta un caso inusual de una paciente de 12 años con hematuria macroscópica franca, quien llega al servicio de urgencias pediátricas sin antecedentes claros que guiaran a un diagnóstico inicial, motivo por lo cual se le realizan varios paraclínicos para descartar enfermedades frecuentemente asociadas a este motivo de consulta. Finalmente se llega a un diagnóstico inusual de cistitis hemorrágica por Enterococcus Sp., del cual no se encontraron casos reportados previamente en la literatura. Este caso inusual permite hacer una revisión de la literatura respecto a la hematuria macroscópica en la población pediátrica, con el fin de puntualizar yaclarar el enfoque diagnóstico.

Gross hematuria is more a symptom and clinical sign than a disease by itself, because behind this there is always a disease that is responsible for it. Gross hematuria always obligates to be studied because many potentially complicated diseases might generate some morbidity for patient. Clinical history and physical examination are fundamental for guiding initial laboratory approach in our patients, which should be started with an urinalysis and continued as necessary for corroborating suspected diagnosis by clinical history and physical examination. We present an unusual case of 12 years old patient with gross hematuria that comes to emergency department, some laboratories test were taken looking for the most frequent pathologies, but we made the diagnosis of a very unusual case of enterococcal hemorrhagic cystitis, about what there are no previous reports in medical literature. This unusual case allows a review of literature on macroscopic haematuria in paediatric population in order to clarify the diagnostic approach in this type of symptomatology, as was done in this patient.

Cefpodoxime versus trimethorim - sulfamethoxazole for short-term therapy of uncomplicated acute cystitis in girls

Eighty two girls with uncomplicated acute lower urinary tract infection were included in a single Center r and omized study comparing Cefpodoxime suspension [5mg/kg] with trimethoprim - sulfamethoxzole [6mg/kg TMP: 30/mg SMX] for 3 days. A total of 15 girls in both arms were excluded from the study for various reasons. At 4 to 7 days after the discontinuation of therapy 33 of 34 [98.4%] Cefpodoxime recipients, and 22 of 33 [66] trimethoprime-sulfamethoxzole patients, were clinically cured and demonstrated bacteriological eradication, respectively. At 28 days after treatment, 25 of 29 [87.3] and 23 of 26 [86%] cefpodoxime recipients as well as 15 of 28 [53.5] and 14 of 27 [52%] trimethoprime-sulfamethoxzole recipients, were clinically cured and demonstrated bacteriological eradication. respectively. With the expectation of two patients, in trimethoprim - sulfamethoxzole group, who discontinued therapy because of gastro intestinal pain, both antimicrobials were well tolerated. In conclusion, cefpodoxmi treatment for 3 days was more effective than trimethoprime - sulfamethoxzole for 3 days for the treatment of uncomplicated acute cystitis in girls